語言研究 epub pdf mobi txt 電子書 下載 2024

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語言研究 epub pdf mobi txt 電子書 下載 2024

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內容簡介

　　《語言研究》是一本專為語言學初學者編寫的入門教材。全書共分二十一章。作者以科學、客觀的態度把人類關於語言的研究做瞭一番詳細、全麵的介紹，幾乎涉及語言研究的所有領域。有些領域甚至分得非常細，如構詞法和形態學專闢兩章，語法和句法專闢兩章，語用學和話語分析也分兩章介紹。全書的語言樸實易懂，沒有用新奇的術語唬人。為便於讀者學習，每章還配有許多思考題和習題。
　　該書介紹的語言研究涵蓋傳統語言學（如語言文字學、曆史語言學）和現代西方語言學諸領域。但是作者不以流派分章節，重在介紹現代語言學，兼顧傳統語言學；既注重知識的係統性，又顧及到內容的趣味性。例如，作者在論述語言的屬性之後意猶未盡，又闢一章舉數例說明人和動物之間在交際和學習語言方麵的根本差異：靈長目動物黑猩猩雖然能理解一些極基本的符號，但是它們的交際能力與人類的語言能力不可同日而語。

目錄

王宗炎序
導讀
Preface
Preface to second edition
1 The origins of language
2 The development of writing
3 The properties of language
4 Animals and human language
5 The sounds of language
6 The sound patterns of language
7 Words and word-formation processes
8 Morpology
9 Phrases and sentences:grammar
10 Syntax
11 Semantics
12 Pragmatics
13 Discourse analysis
14 Language and machines
15 Language and the brain
16 First language acquisition
17 Second language acquisition/learning
18 Sign language
19 Language history and change
20 Language varieties
21 Language,society and culture
Appendix
References
Index
文庫索引

精彩書摘

From this diagram，we can say that "horse is a hyponym of animal" or that ‘ant is a hyponym of insect'.We can also say that two or more terms which share the same superordinate （lugher-up） term are co-hyponyms. So，horse and dog are co-hyponyms， and the superordinate term is animal.
The relation of hyponymy captures the idea of'is a kind of'， as when you give the meaning of a word by saying "an asp is a kind of snake".lt is often the case that the only thing some people know about the meaning of a word in their language is that it is a hyponym of another term. That is， you may know notlung more about the meaning of asp other than that it is a kind of snake.
It is worth emphasizing that.it is not only words for‘things' that are hyponyms. Terms for actions， such as cut， punch， shoot and stab， can all be found as co-hyponyms of the superordinate term injure.
Prototypes
While the words canary， dove， duck， flamingo， parrot， pelican， robin， swal-low and thrush are all equally co-hyponyms of the superordinate bird， they are not all considered to be equally good exemplars of the category ‘bird'.For'many American English speakers， the best exemplar， or the prototype， of‘bird' is the robin.The concept of a prototype helps explain the mearung of certain words， like bird， not in terms of component features （e.g.‘has feathers'，‘has wings'）， but in terms of resemblance to the clearest exemplar. Thus， even native speakers of English nught wonder if ostrich and penguin should be hyponyms of bird （technically， they are）， but have no trouble deciding about sparrow or prgeon.The last two are much closer to the proto-type.
Given the category label furniture， we are quicker to recognize chair as an exemplar than bench or stool. Given clothing， people recognize shirts quicker than shoes，and given vegetable，they accept carrot before potato or tomato.lt is obvious that there is some general pattern to the categorization process involved in prototypes and that it determines our interpretation of word meaning. However， this is one area where individual experience results in variation in interpretation， as when people disagree about whether tomato is a fruit or a vegetable.
Homophony， homonymy and polysemy
There are three other， less well-known terms which are often used to describe relationships among words in a language. The first of these is homophony. When two or more different （written） forms have the same pronunciation，they are described as homophones. Some examples are bare - bear， meat-meet， ftour flower，pail-pale， sew-so.
The term homonymy is used when one form （written and spoken） has two or more unrelated meanings. Examples of homonyms are the pairs bank （of a river） - bank （financialinstitution）， bat （flying creature） - bat （used in sports）， race （contest of speed） - race （ethnic group）， pupll （at school）-pupil （in the eye） and mole （on skin） - mole （small animaI）.The temptation is to think that the two types of bank must be related in meaning.They are not. Homonyms are words which have quite separate meanings， but which have accidentally come to have exactly the same form.
Relatedness of meaning accompanying identical form is technically known as polysemy， which can be defined as one form （written or spoken）having multiple meanings which are all related by extension. Examples are the word head，used to refer to the object on top of your body， on top of a glass of beer， on top of a company or department; or foot （of person， of bed， of mountain），or run （person does，water does，colors do）.
The distinction between homonymy and polysemy is not always clear cut. However，one indication of the distinction can be found in the typical dictio-nary entry for words. If a word has multiple meanings （polysenuc）， then there will be a single entry，with a numbered list of the different meanings of the word.lf two words are treated as homonyms，they will typically have two separate entries.You could check in your dictionary and probably find that the different meanings of words like head， get， run， face and foot are treated as examples of polysemy， whereas mail， bank， sole and mole are treated as examples of homonymy.
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語言研究 epub pdf mobi txt 電子書 下載 2024

語言研究 下載 epub mobi pdf txt 電子書

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