英文原版 簡單的邏輯學 英文原版 Being Logical: A Guide to Go pdf epub mobi txt 電子書 下載 2025

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圖書標籤:

• 邏輯學
• 批判性思維
• 推理
• 論證
• 英語學習
• 學術英語
• 思維訓練
• 自我提升
• 實用邏輯
• 原版英文

店鋪： 華研外語官方旗艦店

齣版社： Random House Trade

ISBN：9780812971156

商品編碼：25392899902

品牌：華研外語

開本：32開

齣版時間：2005-01-01

頁數：160

書名：Being Logical: A Guide to Good Thinking 簡單的邏輯學
作者：D.Q. McInerny  D.Q.麥剋倫尼
齣版社名稱：Random House Trade
齣版時間：2005
語種： 英文
ISBN：9780812971156
商品尺寸：13.2 x 1 x 20.3 cm
包裝：平裝
頁數：160

Being Logical《簡單的邏輯學》是一本足以徹底改變你思維世界的小書。美國邏輯學傢、哲學教授D.Q.麥剋倫尼，將一門寬廣、深奧的邏輯科學以貼近生活、通俗易懂、妙趣橫生的語言娓娓道來。它既沒有刻闆的理論教條，也不是正規的教科書，而是一本必不可多得的現實指南。正如行為學傢孫路弘所說：《簡單的邏輯學》就如一場及時雨，一本社會疾病的寶典，的確是應該人手一冊。
作者在書中告訴我們，生活中，邏輯無處不在。無論我們是有意還是無意，邏輯無時不在服務於我們的生活。然而邏輯到底是什麼，也許並沒有太多的人有很清楚的概念。作者以其簡練而又充滿趣味的筆觸，將邏輯學活化為一種藝術，從它的基本原理，到論證，到非邏輯思維的根源，再到28種就發生在你身邊的非邏輯思維形式，帶領我們進入這個精彩無比的邏輯世界，體會妙趣橫生的思維交鋒，跨過無處不在的邏輯陷阱，讓你沉醉其中，欲罷不能。

理由：
1. 邏輯學科普入門書，成為谘詢顧問有五本必讀圖書之一；
2. 被香港中文大學奉為40本英文經典之一；
3. 被哈佛大學校內書店視為皇冠書籍。

名人：
“邏輯是生活中找尋並滿足其願望的實際工具，沒有邏輯，我們的生活將十分沉重，以緻幾乎是不可能的。”——金嶽霖 邏輯學傢、哲學傢、傑齣的教育傢

“我相信邏輯，比如說，有一個峽榖，所有的人都說過不去，那裏是萬丈深淵，但如果邏輯推論齣那裏應該有一座橋，我就會走過去。”——張維迎 經濟學傢、北京大學光華管理學院前任院長

“哲學問題經過分析都是語言問題，而語言問題歸根結底就是邏輯問題。”——羅素 世界哲學傢、邏輯學傢，諾貝爾文學奬獲得者

“當我考入阿姆斯特丹大學時，物理係和哲學係正好在一座樓裏，所以我不經意地選修瞭一門邏輯。對我來說，這門神奇的邏輯課讓我大開眼界：正是邏輯揭示瞭我們所做的日常事情——談話、推理和論辯背後的精妙。所以我愛上瞭邏輯學，並為此轉到瞭哲學係。”——約翰·範·本瑟姆 世界邏輯學傢、荷蘭阿姆斯特丹大學邏輯學教授

An essential tool for our post-truth world: a witty primer on logic—and the dangers of illogical thinking—by a renowned Notre Dame professor
Logic is synonymous with reason, judgment, sense, wisdom, and sanity.Being logical is the ability to create concise and reasoned arguments—arguments that build from given premises, using evidence, to a genuine conclusion. But mastering logical thinking also requires studying and understanding illogical thinking, both to sharpen one’s own skills and to protect against incoherent, or deliberately misleading, reasoning.
Elegant, pithy, and precise,Being Logical breaks logic down to its essentials through clear analysis, accessible examples, and focused insights. D. Q. McInerney covers the sources of illogical thinking, from naïve optimism to narrow-mindedness, before dissecting the various tactics—red herrings, diversions, and simplistic reasoning—the illogical use in place of effective reasoning.
An indispensable guide to using logic to advantage in everyday life, this is a concise, crisply readable book. Written explicitly for the layperson, McInerny’sBeing Logical promises to take its place beside Strunk and White’sThe Elements of Style as a classic of lucid, invaluable advice. 

Review
“Highly readable... D. Q. McInerny offers an introduction to symbolic logic in plain English, so you can finally be clear on what is deductive reasoning and what is inductive. And you’ll see how deductive arguments are constructed.”  — Detroit Free Press
 
“McInerny’s explanatory outline of sound thinking will be eminently beneficial to expository writers, debaters, and public speakers.”  — Booklist
 
“Given the shortage of logical thinking, and the fact that mankind is adrift, if not sinking, It is vital that all of us learn to think straight. And this small book by D.Q. McInerny is great. It follows therefore since we so badly need it, everybody should not only but it, but read it.”  — Charles Osgood

我們知道有些人平時錶現得非常聰明伶俐，但是邏輯性卻不是很突齣。他們有邏輯思考的能力，但是這種能力顯然還沒有成為本能。造成這種情況的原因，可能是因為他們進行邏輯思考的能力從來沒有被地培訓過，這是他們所受教育中的缺陷。實際上，邏輯學是教育的真正支柱，但是在學校裏它卻很少被提及。生活中，邏輯無處不在。無論我們是有意還是無意，邏輯無時不在服務於我們的生活。然而邏輯到底是什麼，也許並沒有太多的人有很清楚的概念。對門外漢或是初學者來說，本書都有切實的幫助。這本書的目的是嚮讀者介紹邏輯學的初步知識和基本技巧。

這是本小書。之所以說它小，一是因為本書確實不厚，與市麵上長篇宏論的大部頭相比，它確實很小；第二是因為閱讀本書並不需要太多的知識，可讀性很強。其內容並不艱難晦澀，作者盡可能采用直白的語言來解釋邏輯中的基本原理、觀點、産生謬誤的原因、謬誤的形式等等基礎的邏輯問題。

邏輯，作為一個整體，是個寬廣、深奧、精彩紛呈的領域，這本書既沒有刻闆的理論論述也不是正規的教科書，這是一本現實應用的指南，對那些初次接觸邏輯的人介紹邏輯的基本原理。《簡單的邏輯學》期待造就實踐者，而不是理論傢。

本書將邏輯分為五部分，就是書中的五個章節，每一章節以前一章節的知識為基礎。章是準備，為成為一個邏輯思考者而要搭建的必要思想框架。第二三章是邏輯的核心，如何建立正確的邏輯思考。第二章闡述瞭引導邏輯思考的基礎事實，第三章重點是“論證—邏輯思考”的外在錶現形式。第四章，探討導緻非邏輯思考的態度及思維模式。後一章，第五章圍繞“謬誤—非邏輯思考”的細節展開。

Whether regarded as a science, an art, or a skill–and it can properly be regarded as all three–logic is the basis of our ability to think, analyze, argue, and communicate. Indeed, logic goes to the very core of what we mean by human intelligence. In this concise, crisply readable book, distinguished professor D. Q. McInerny offers an indispensable guide to using logic to advantage in everyday life. Written explicitly for the layperson, McInerny’sBeing Logical promises to take its place beside Strunk and White’s The Elements of Style as a classic of lucid, invaluable advice.
As McInerny notes, logic is a deep, wide, and wonderfully varied field, with a bearing on every aspect of our intellectual life. A mastery of logic begins with an understanding of right reasoning–and encompasses a grasp of the close kinship between logical thought and logical expression, a knowledge of the basic terms of argument, and a familiarity with the pitfalls of illogical thinking. Accordingly, McInerny structures his book in a series of brief, penetrating chapters that build on one another to form a unified and coherent introduction to clear and effective reasoning.
At the heart of the book is a brilliant consideration of argument–how an argument is founded and elaborated, how it differs from other forms of intellectual discourse, and how it critically embodies the elements of logic. McInerny teases out the subtleties and complexities of premises and conclusions, differentiates statements of fact from statements of value, and discusses the principles and uses of every major type of argument, from the syllogistic to the conditional. In addition, he provides an incisive look at illogical thinking and explains how to recognize and avoid the most common errors of logic.

D.Q.麥剋倫尼，美國知名邏輯學傢、哲學教授，從事教學多年，曾先後任教於聖母大學和肯塔基大學。現居住於內布拉斯加州林肯市。
D. Q. McInerny has taught logic to college students for decades at Notre Dame, the University of Kentucky, and Our Lady of Guadalupe Seminary in Lincoln, Nebraska. A scholar of Thomas Merton and the recipient of two PhDs, Professor McInerny lives in Lincoln, Nebraska.

PartOne
Preparing the Mind for Logic
Being logical presupposes our having a sensitivity to language and a knack for its effective use, for logic and language are inseparable. It also presupposes our having a healthy respect for the firm factualness of the world in which we live, for logic is about reality. Finally, being logical presupposes a lively awareness of how the facts that are our ideas relate to the facts that are the objects in the world, for logic is about truth. In this first part of the book I will discuss those attitudes, points of view, and practical procedures whose adoption prepares the mind for a successful engagement with logic.
1. Be Attentive
Many mistakes in reasoning are explained by the fact that we are not paying sufficient attention to the situation in which we find ourselves. This is especially true in familiar situations. That very familiarity causes us to make careless judgments about facts right before our eyes. We misread a situation because we are skimming it, when what we should be doing is perusing it. Often, we assume that a familiar situation will be but a repeat performance of a similar situation we’ve experienced before. But, in the strictest sense, there are no repeat performances. Every situation is unique, and we must be alert to its uniqueness.
The phrase “to pay attention” is telling. It reminds us that attention costs something. Attention demands an active, energetic response to every situation, to the persons, places, and things that make up the situation. It is impossible to be truly attentive and passive at the same time. Don’t just look, see. Don’t just hear, listen. Train yourself to focus on details. The little things are not to be ignored, for it is just the little things that lead us to the big things.
2. Get the Facts Straight
A fact is something made or done. It has clear objective status. It is something we respond to as having an independent status all its own. It is naggingly persistent, demands recognition, and can be nasty if ignored.
There are two basic types of objective facts, things and events. A “thing” is an actually existing entity, animal, vegetable, or mineral. The White House is an example of the first type of fact, and the assassination of Abraham Lincoln of the second. The first type is more basic than the second because events are made up of things or of the actions of things. A state dinner is to be held at the White House. Such an event could not take place were it not for the existence, first and foremost, of the fact that is the White House, and countless other facts as well. In order to establish the factualness of an event, any number of concrete things need to be appealed to.
To determine the reality of a fact that is a thing, all you need do is pay it a visit. If it actually exists it must be somewhere, and, assuming its place to be accessible to you, you can verify its factualness by direct observation. Take the case of the White House. To ascertain its being a fact, rather than purely imaginary, you can travel to Washington, D.C., and there see the White House with your own eyes. That is the most direct and reliable way to establish its factualness. But you could also rely on indirect evidence: For example, by taking the word of a trustworthy eyewitness that the White House is indeed in Washington, D.C. Or you could decide that photographic evidence is sufficient to establish factualness.
But what about an event like Lincoln’s assassination? We say that is a fact. What is the justification for that claim? It is an event that is over and done with, and there are no living witnesses to the event whom we might consult. Obviously, we did not ourselves witness the event, so direct evidence is out of the question. In this case our approach will be to acquaint ourselves with a variety of things that serve as indirect evidence of the event. For example, we would consult official documents (police reports, the death certificate, etc.), newspaper accounts, photographs, memoirs, diaries, and items in the Congressional Record, all of which are facts in their own right and whose only reasonable explanation is the factualness of Lincoln’s assassination. On the basis of the factualness of these things, we establish the factualness of the event. And we thus establish a historical fact.
Facts can also be thought of as objective or subjective. Both things and events are objective facts. They exist in the public domain and are in principle accessible to all. A subjective fact is one that is limited to the subject experiencing it. A headache would be an example of a subjective fact. If I am the one experiencing the headache, then I have direct evidence of its factualness. But if it is you experiencing the headache, I can establish its factualness only indirectly. I must take your word that you have a headache. Establishing the reality of subjective facts depends entirely on the trustworthiness of those who claim to be experiencing them.

邏輯的藝術：深度解析推理、論證與批判性思維 圖書簡介 在這個信息爆炸的時代，我們每天都被海量的數據、觀點和論斷所包圍。如何辨彆真僞，如何構建堅不可摧的論證，如何清晰而有力地錶達自己的思想？《邏輯的藝術》正是為你準備的一把精密的思維之鑰。本書並非僅僅是對亞裏士多德式古典邏輯的枯燥復述，而是一部深刻、實用且極具洞察力的現代思維指南，它將引導讀者穿越錯綜復雜的論證迷宮，抵達清晰、準確和有效的推理核心。 第一部分：邏輯的基石——概念、判斷與推理的本質 本書的開篇，將引導讀者迴歸邏輯學的最基本單元：概念。我們如何定義事物？模糊性（Ambiguity）和歧義性（Equivocation）如何在不知不覺中腐蝕我們的論證？我們將詳細探討清晰界定的重要性，並介紹多種界定概念的方法，從屬性界定到功能界定。 隨後，我們將深入探究“判斷”（Propositions）的結構。一個陳述句是如何承載意義的？真值（Truth Value）的判定標準是什麼？本書會細緻剖析直言命題的四種基本形式（A、E、I、O），並引入現代邏輯中對命題的嚴格要求，確保讀者能夠準確捕捉和錶達思想的核心內容。 本書的基石在於推理（Inference）。我們將區分演繹推理（Deductive Reasoning）和歸納推理（Inductive Reasoning）的核心差異。演繹推理追求必然性，其結論如果前提為真，則結論必然為真；而歸納推理則追求或然性，它基於觀察和經驗，旨在建立最有可能的結論。我們會用大量的實例來闡釋這兩種思維方式在科學研究、日常決策和法律實踐中的具體應用。例如，如何從特定案例中提煉齣具有普遍指導意義的原則，以及如何評估歸納論證的強度。 第二部分：演繹推理的結構與謬誤的陷阱 演繹邏輯是本書的重中之重。我們將詳細展開經典的三段論（Syllogism）的完整體係。從標準的格（Figure）和式（Mood）分析，到對有效三段論的檢驗規則，讀者將掌握如何係統地分析任何一個涉及三個命題的演繹結構。我們會展示如何通過文氏圖（Venn Diagrams）進行直觀的驗證，以及如何使用更抽象的邏輯符號來精確描繪推理過程。 然而，邏輯的價值不僅在於構建正確的推理，更在於識彆和拆解錯誤的推理。本書將用大量篇幅剖析常見的演繹謬誤（Formal Fallacies）。這些謬誤通常源於推理結構的缺陷，例如“肯定後件”（Affirming the Consequent）和“否定前件”（Denying the Antecedent）。我們不會停留在羅列名稱，而是深入剖析這些結構性錯誤為何必然導緻結論不可靠，從而訓練讀者在麵對復雜論證時，能迅速定位其結構性漏洞。 第三部分：歸納推理的強度與批判性評估 與演繹的確定性不同，歸納推理更加貼近我們處理不確定世界的現實。本書將重點探討幾種關鍵的歸納形式：類比推理、統計歸納和因果推斷。 在類比推理中，我們如何判斷兩個事物之間的相似性是否足以支持某個結論？本書將提供一套評估類比論證強度的標準，避免“弱類比”的陷阱。 統計歸納部分，我們將探討抽樣的代錶性問題。如何確保我們的樣本能夠準確反映總體情況？本書將簡要引入概率思維的基礎，幫助讀者理解統計數據背後蘊含的風險與機遇。 更具挑戰性的是因果關係（Causation）的分析。僅僅因為兩件事同時發生（相關性 Correlation），並不意味著它們之間存在因果關係（Causation）。我們將詳盡介紹約翰·斯圖爾特·密爾（John Stuart Mill）的著名的求同法和求異法，這些工具是科學實驗和日常調查中用於分離真正原因的關鍵方法。同時，我們也會辨析多種常見的因果謬誤，如“虛假原因”（False Cause）和“共同原因遺漏”（Oversight of a Common Cause）。 第四部分：非形式邏輯與日常論證的藝術 許多生活中最引人入勝的爭論並非嚴格遵循三段論的框架。本書的後半部分聚焦於非形式邏輯（Informal Logic）——即對日常語言論證的批判性評估。 我們將係統梳理並深入剖析最常見的語境謬誤（Informal Fallacies）。這些謬誤往往具有強大的說服力，因為它們訴諸情感、權威或人群心理，而不是邏輯本身。例如，“訴諸情感”（Appeal to Emotion）、“稻草人謬誤”（Straw Man）、“人身攻擊”（Ad Hominem）和“滑坡謬誤”（Slippery Slope）。對於每一種謬誤，本書都提供瞭多角度的解析，展示它們在政治辯論、廣告宣傳和社交媒體討論中的具體錶現形式，並指導讀者如何設計齣精準的迴擊。 此外，批判性思維不僅僅是“挑錯”，它更是一種積極的思維實踐。本書將討論論證的要素——前提（Premises）、推理過程（Reasoning）和結論（Conclusion）——如何有機地結閤成一個有說服力的整體。我們將探討論證的清晰度、連貫性、可靠性和充分性這四大標準，並提供一套實用的清單，用於評估任何一篇論文、一篇演講或一個商業提案的質量。 結語：成為一個更清晰的思考者 《邏輯的藝術》旨在將邏輯學從學院的象牙塔中解放齣來，融入到讀者的日常決策和交流之中。通過掌握這些古老而永恒的思維工具，你將能夠以更少的誤解、更少的偏見和更高的效率來理解世界，無論是麵對復雜的科學理論，還是日常生活中充滿煙霧彈的爭論。學習邏輯，就是學習如何有條不紊地思考，最終獲得思想的自由和力量。