數理邏輯（第2版） [Mathematical Logic] epub pdf mobi txt 電子書 下載 2024

數理邏輯（第2版） [Mathematical Logic] epub pdf mobi txt 電子書 下載 2024

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數理邏輯（第2版） [Mathematical Logic] epub pdf mobi txt 電子書 下載 2024

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　　A short digression into model theory will help us to analyze the expressive power of the first-order language， and it will turn out that there are certain deficiencies. For example， the first-order language does not allow the formulation of an adequate axiom system for arithmetic or analysis. On the other hand， this di~culty can be overcome——-even in the framework of first-order logic——by developing mathematics in set-theoretic terms. We explain the prerequisites from set theory necessary for this purpose and then treat the subtle relation between logic and set theory in a thorough manner.
　　Godels incompleteness theorems are presented in connection with several related results (such as Trahtenbrots theorem) which all exemplify the limitatious of machine-oriented proof methods. The notions of computability theory that are relevant to this discussion are given in detail. The concept of computability is made precise by means of the register machine as a

內容簡介

　　What is a mathematical proof? How can proofs be justified? Are there limitations to provability? To what extent can machines carry out mathematical proofs?
　　Only in this century has there been success in obtaining substantial and satisfactory answers. The present book contains a systematic discussion of these results. The investigations are centered around first-order logic. Our first goal is Godels completeness theorem， which shows that the consequence relation coincides with formal provability： By means of a calculus consisting of simple formal inference rules， one can obtain all consequences of a given axiom system (and in particular， imitate all mathematical proofs)

內頁插圖

目錄

Preface
PART A
ⅠIntroduction
1.An Example from Group Theory
2.An Example from the Theory of Equivalence Relations
3.A Preliminary Analysis
4.Preview
Ⅱ Syntax of First-Order Languages
1.Alphabets
2.The Alphabet of a First-Order Language
3.Terms and Formulas in First-Order Languages
4.Induction in the Calculus of Terms and in the Calculus of Formulas
5.Free Variables and Sentences
Ⅲ Semantics of First-Order Languages
1.Structures and Interpretations
2.Standardization of Connectives
3.The Satisfaction Relation
4.The Consequence Relation
5.Two Lemmas on the Satisfaction Relation
6.Some simple formalizations
7.Some remarks on Formalizability
8.Substitution
Ⅳ A Sequent Calculus
1．Sequent Rules
2．Structural Rules and Connective Rules
3．Derivable Connective Rules
4．Quantifier and Equality Rules
5．Further Derivable Rules and Sequents
6．Summary and Example
7．Consistency
ⅤThe Completeness Theorem
1．Henkin’S Theorem．
2． Satisfiability of Consistent Sets of Formulas（the Countable Casel
3． Satisfiability of Consistent Sets of Formulas（the General Case）
4．The Completeness Theorem
Ⅵ The LSwenheim-Skolem and the Compactness Theorem
1．The L6wenheim-Skolem Theorem．
2．The Compactness Theorem
3．Elementary Classes
4．Elementarily Equivalent Structures
Ⅶ The Scope of First-Order Logic
1．The Notion of Formal Proof
2．Mathematics Within the Framework of Fimt—Order Logic
3．The Zermelo-Fraenkel Axioms for Set Theory．
4．Set Theory as a Basis for Mathematics
Ⅷ Syntactic Interpretations and Normal Forms
1．Term-Reduced Formulas and Relational Symbol Sets
2．Syntactic Interpretations
3．Extensions by Definitions
4．Normal Forms
PART B
Ⅸ Extensions of First-order logic
Ⅹ Limitations of the Formal Method
Ⅺ Free Models and Logic Programming
Ⅻ An Algebraic Characterization of Elementary Equivalence
ⅩⅢ Lindstrom’s Theorems
References
Symbol Index
Subject Index

前言/序言

數理邏輯（第2版） [Mathematical Logic] epub pdf mobi txt 電子書 下載 2024

數理邏輯（第2版） [Mathematical Logic] 下載 epub mobi pdf txt 電子書

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Springer的書必屬經典

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弗雷格

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還不錯，活動買的，價格閤適

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十九世紀末二十世紀初，數理邏輯有瞭比較大的發展，1884年，德國數學傢弗雷格齣版瞭《數論的基礎》一書，在書中引入量詞的符號，使得數理邏輯的符號係統更加完備。對建立這門學科做齣貢獻的，還有美國人皮爾斯，他也在著作中引入瞭邏輯符號。從而使現代數理邏輯最基本的理論基礎逐步形成，成為一門獨立的學科。 數理邏輯包括哪些內容呢？這裏我們先介紹它的兩個最基本的也是最重要的組成部分，就是“命題演算”和“謂詞演算”。

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還行有點貴瞭

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可以

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數理邏輯又稱符號邏輯、理論邏輯。它既是數學的一個分支，也是邏輯學的一個分支。是用數學方法研究邏輯或形式邏輯的學科。其研究對象是對證明和計算這兩個直觀概念進行符號化以後的形式係統。數理邏輯是數學基礎的一個不可缺少的組成部分。雖然名稱中有邏輯兩字，但並不屬於單純邏輯學範疇。

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利用計算的方法來代替人們思維中的邏輯推理過程，這種想法早在十七世紀就有人提齣過。萊布尼茨就曾經設想過能不能創造一種“通用的科學語言”，可以把推理過程象數學一樣利用公式來進行計算，從而得齣正確的結論。由於當時的社會條件，他的想法並沒有實現。但是它的思想卻是現代數理邏輯部分內容的萌芽，從這個意義上講，萊布尼茨可以說是數理邏輯的先驅。

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知識是人類在實踐中認識客觀世界的成果。它可能包括事實，信息，描述或在教育和實踐中獲得的技能。它可能是關於理論的，也可能是關於實踐的。在哲學中，關於知識的研究叫做認識論。知識的獲取涉及到許多復雜的過程：感覺，交流，推理。知識也可以看成構成人類智慧的最根本的因素。

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