國富論（英文版） epub pdf mobi txt 電子書 下載 2024

國富論（英文版） epub pdf mobi txt 電子書 下載 2024

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國富論（英文版） epub pdf mobi txt 電子書 下載 2024

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編輯推薦

　　THE ANNUAL labour of every nation is the fund which originally supplies it with all the necessaries and conveniencies of life which it annually consumes， and which consist always either in the immediate produce of that labour， or in what is purchased with that produce from other nations.
　　According， therefore， as this produce， or what is purchased with it， bears a greater or smaller proportion to the number of those who are to consume it， the nation will be better or worse supplied with all the necessaries and conveniencies for which it has occasion.

內容簡介

　　1776年，西方經濟學之父亞當·斯密發錶《國富論》，批駁瞭傳統學說占主導地位的重商主義、重農主義，首次提齣自由貿易、勞動價值觀和勞動分工將極大地提高生産效率的觀點，既在理論上為西方現代經濟學奠定瞭基礎，也為世界自由資本主義_的發展掃清瞭障礙。亞當，斯密的同道馬爾薩斯依據這一學說探討瞭人口過剩問題，大衛·李嘉圖提齣工資鐵律，進一步將其理論整閤為古典經濟學，由此標誌瞭經濟學作為一門獨立學科的誕生。著名翻譯傢嚴復將此書譯作《原富》，在我國學術界及現代史上影響至深至巨。
　　《國富論》被譽為西方經濟學的《聖經》、影響世界曆史的十大著作之一和一百部影響人類文化的著作之一；1986年，法國《讀書》雜誌還將其推薦為“理想藏書”。

作者簡介

　　ADAM SMITH （1723-I790） was a Scottish social philosopher and a pioneer ofpolitical economy. One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment， Smithis the author of The Theoryof Moral Sentiments and An Inqunyinto the Naarre and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. The latter， usually abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations，is considered his magnum opus and the first modern work of economics. It earned him an enormous reputation and would become one ofthe most influential works on economics ever published Smithis widely cited as the father of modern economics and capitalism.

內頁插圖

目錄

INTRODUCTION AND PLAN OF THE WORK

BOOK Ⅰ. OF THE CAUSES OF IMPROVEMENT IN THE
PRODUCTIVE POWERS OF LABOUR,AND OF THE
ORDER ACCORDING TO WHICH ITS PRODUCE
IS NATURALLY DISTRIBUTED AM'ONG THE
DIFFERENT RANKS OF THE PEOPLE
CHAPTER Ⅰ. OF THE DIVISION OF LABOUR
CHAPTER Ⅱ. OF THE PRINCIPLE WHICH GIVES
OCCASION TO THE DIVISION OF LABOUR
CHAPTER Ⅲ. THAT THE DIVISION OF LABOUR IS LIMITED BY THE EXTENT OF THE MARKET
CHAPTER Ⅳ. OF THE ORIGIN AND USE OF MONEY
CHAPTER Ⅴ. OF THE REAL AND NOMINAL PRICE OF COMMODITIES, OR OF THEIR PRICE IN LABOUR, AND THEIR PRICE IN MONEY
CHAPTER Ⅵ. OF THE COMPONENT PART OF THE PRICE OF COMMODITIES
CHAPTER Ⅶ. OF THE NATURAL AND MARKET PRICE OF COMMODITIES
CHAPTER Ⅷ. OF THE WAGES OF LABOUR
CHAPTER Ⅸ. OF THE PROFITS OF STOCK
CHAPTER Ⅹ. OF WAGES AND PROFIT IN THE DIFFERENT EMPLOYMENTS OF LABOUR AND STOCK
CHAPTER XL OF THE RENT OF IAND

BOOK Ⅱ. OF THE NATURE, ACCUMULATION, AND EMPLOYMENT OF STOCK
CHAPTER Ⅰ. OF THE DIVISION OF STOCK
CHAPTER Ⅱ. OF MONEY, CONSIDERED AS APARTICUIAR BRANCH OF THE GENERAL STOCK OF THE SOCIETY, OR OF THE EXPENSE OF MAINTAINING THE NATIONAL CAPITAL
CHAPTER Ⅲ. OF THE ACCUMULATION OF CAPITAL, OR OF PRODUCTIVE AND UNPRODUCTIVE ABOUR
CHAPTER Ⅳ. OF STOCK LENT AT INTEREST
CHAPTER Ⅴ. OF THE DIFFERENT EMPLOYMENTS OF CAPITALS

BOOK Ⅲ. OF THE DIFFERENT PROGRESS
OF OPULENCE IN DIFFERENT NATIONS
CHAPTER Ⅰ. OF THE NATURAL PROGRESS OF OPULENCE
CHAPTER Ⅱ. OF THE DISCOURAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN THE ANCIENT STATE OF EUROPE, AFTER THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
CHAPTER Ⅲ. OF THE RISE AND PROGRESS OF CITIES AND TOWNS, AFTER THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
CHAPTER Ⅳ. HOW THE COMMERCE OF TOWNS CONTRIBUTED TO THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE COUNTRY

BOOK Ⅳ. OF SYSTEMS OF POLITICAL ECONOMY
CHAPTER Ⅰ. OF THE PRINCIPLE OF THE COMMERCIAL OR MERCANTILE SYSTEM
……

BOOK Ⅴ. OF THE REVENUE OF THE SOVEREIGN OR COMMONWEALTH

精彩書摘

nominal price， in the quantity of money The labourer is rich or poor，is well or ill rewarded， in proportion to the real， not to the nominal price of his labour.
The distinction between the real and the nominal price of commodities and labour is not a matter of mere speculation， bur:may sometimes be of considerable use in practice. The same real price is always of the same value; but on account of the variations in the value of gold and silver， the same nominal price is sometimes of very different values. When a landed estate， therefore， is sold with a reservation of a perpetual rent， if it is intended that this rent should always be of the same value， it is of importance to the family in whose favour it is reserved， that it should not consist in a particular sum of money. Its value would in this case be liable to variations of two different kinds: first， to those which arise from the different quantities of gold and silver which are contained at different times in coin of the same denomination; and， secondly， to those which arise from the different values of equal quantities of gold and silver at different times.
Princes and sovereign states have frequently fancied that they had a temporary interest to diminish the quantity of pure metal contained in their coins; but they seldom have fancied that they had any to augment it. The quantity of metal contained in the coins， I believe of all nations， has accordingly been almost continually diminishing， and hardly ever augmenting. Such variations， therefore， tend almost always to diminish the value of an rent.
The discovery of the mines of America diminished the value of gold and silver in Europe. This dinunution，it is commonly supposed， though I apprehend without any certain proof， is still going on gradually， and is likely to continue to do so for a long time. Upon this supposition， therefore， such variations are more likely to diminish than to augrent the value of a money rent， even though it should be stipulated to be paid， not in such a quantity of coined money of such a denomination （in so many pounds sterling， for example）， but in so many ounces， either of pure silver， or of silver of a certain standard.
The rents which have been reserved in corn， have preserved their value much better than those which have been reserved in money， even where the denomination of the coin has not been altered. By the 18th of Elizabeth， it was enacted， that a third of the rent of all college leases should be reserved in com， to be paid either in kind， or according to the current prices at the nearest public market. The money arising from this corn rent， though originally but a third of the whole， is， in the present times， according to Dr. Blackstone， commonly near double of what arises from the other two-thirds. The old money rents of colleges must， according to this account， have sunk almost to a fourth part of their anaent value， or are worth little more than a fourth part of the corn which they were formerly wotth. But since the reign of Philip and Mary， the denomination of the English coin has undergone little or no alteration， and the same number of pounds， shillings， and pence， have contained very nearly the same quantity of pure silver. This degradation， therefore， in the value of the money rents of colleges， has arisen altogether from the degradation in the price of silver.
……

前言/序言

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國富論（英文版） epub pdf mobi txt 電子書 下載 2024

國富論（英文版） 下載 epub mobi pdf txt 電子書

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THE ANNUAL labour of every nation is the fund which originally supplies it with all the necessaries and conveniencies of life which it annually consumes， and which consist always either in the immediate produce of that labour， or in what is purchased with that produce from other nations.

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身之下，她不進反退，一連後退瞭三步，纔在一個適當的位置上站住瞭身子。果然，她身子方自站定，另一麵的“妙手金輪”譚子威已霍地嚮著瀋娘娘身前欺進過來。潘幼迪已正確由光可鑒人的刀身之上，看清瞭對方的進身之勢，長刀乍揮，已封住瞭譚氏的去勢。緊接著她刀勢一壓，嚮外猝然一展，刀光如虹，集結著極為剛烈的一股刀氣，譚子威如不趕緊後退，可就保不住會為這股氣勢所傷，須知刀氣不比刀身，那是無從封架的。這麼一來，便化解瞭眼前之危，譚子威在極不心甘情願的情況之下，退後瞭三步。曹羽在一旁看得清楚，心頭既驚又怒，當下冷笑

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